South Korea's Latest Export: Its Alphabet

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/12/world/asia/12script.html?emc=eta1

By CHOE SANG-HUN

Published: September 11, 2009

SEOUL, South Korea — South Korea has long felt under-recognized for its many achievements: it built an economic powerhouse from the ruins of a vicious war in just decades and, after years of authoritarian rule, has created one of Asia’s most vibrant democracies.

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The Hunminjeongeum Society

A page from a textbook created for an Indonesian minority group.

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An Interactive Guide to the Korean Alphabet (Indiana University)

Now, one South Korean woman, Lee Ki-nam, is determined to wring more recognition from the world with an unusual export: the Korean alphabet. Ms. Lee is using a fortune she made in real estate to try to take the alphabet to places where native peoples lack indigenous written systems to record their languages.

Her project had its first success — and generated headlines — in July, when children from an Indonesian tribe began learning the Korean alphabet, called Hangul.

“I am doing for the world’s nonwritten languages what Doctors Without Borders is doing in medicine,” Ms. Lee, 75, said in an interview. “There are thousands of such languages. I aim to bring Hangul to all of them.”

While her quest might seem quixotic to non-Koreans, in this country — which has a national holiday called Hangul Day — it is viewed with enormous pride. Newspapers have gushed, and a Korean political party praised her feat in Indonesia — which Ms. Lee says involves just 50 children so far — as “a heroic first step toward globalizing Hangul.”

Such effusiveness is tied to Koreans’ attachment to their alphabet — a distinctive combination of circles and lines — and what they believe its endurance says about them as a people. During Japanese colonial rule in the past century, Koreans were prohibited from using their language and alphabet in business and other official settings; schools were forbidden to teach the language. Illiteracy in Korean soared, but many Koreans broke the rules to teach the language to their children and others.

Ms. Lee’s father, a linguist and professor, secretly taught his children and other students the language. She sees her mission as honoring his legacy, honoring Korea and helping the world.

Kim Ju-won, a linguist at Seoul National University and the president of the Hunminjeongeum Society, which Ms. Lee established to propagate Hangul, summarized the mission this way: “By giving unwritten languages their own alphabets, we can help save them from extinction and thus ensure mankind’s linguistic and cultural diversity.”

Still, the country’s linguistic ambitions have already raised some concerns, not long after some Muslim countries complained about South Korea’s zeal in trying to spread Christianity.

In Indonesia, where the government is encouraging its 240 million people to learn a “language of unity,” Bahasa Indonesia, for effective communication among a vast array of ethnic groups, Ms. Lee’s project raises delicate issues.

“If this is a kind of hobby, that’s fine,” Nicholas T. Dammen, the Indonesian ambassador to South Korea, said recently, referring to the decision by the Cia-Cia ethnic minority to adopt Hangul. “But they don’t need to import the Hangul characters. They can always write their local languages in the Roman characters.”

Shin Eun-hyang, an official at the Korean language division of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in Seoul, said: “This is diplomatically sensitive. The government is limited in how much direct support it can provide to such projects.”

The government says it does not provide money to Ms. Lee’s group, but she said it offered indirect support by giving linguists grants to pursue their work, which can include teaching Hangul abroad.

Ms. Lee started trying to spread Hangul in 2003. She first tried relying on Korean Christian missionaries in Nepal, Mongolia, Vietnam and China. But because the missionaries’ primary concern was not linguistic, she said, none of those programs succeeded.

She later began working with linguists in South Korea, and by 2007 they had an ally. South Korean popular culture — soap operas, music, pop stars — had mesmerized much of Asia. People like the Cia-Cia, a minority of 60,000 people in Indonesia, were eager to embrace things Korean, according to a Korean documentary shot on their island.

In July 2008, Ms. Lee led a delegation to Baubau, a town on Buton Island, off southeastern Sulawesi. In meetings with officials and tribal chieftains, she offered to create writing systems and textbooks based on Hangul so they could teach their children their own languages in school. She also offered to build a $500,000 Korean cultural center and promote economic development.

A deal was signed. Two teachers representing two language groups in Baubau came to Seoul for a six-month training course in Hangul at Seoul National University. One quit, complaining about the cold weather. The other, a Cia-Cia man named Abidin, stayed on. In July, Mr. Abidin, using a textbook from South Korea, began teaching the Cia-Cia language, written in Hangul, to 50 third graders in Baubau.

Although Indonesia’s government has not interfered in the Hangul project, Mr. Dammen said he feared that Baubau’s other tribes might become jealous of the “special treatment” the Koreans were giving the Cia-Cia.

“If others say, ‘Oh, we can also invite Japan, we can invite Russia, we can invite India, we can invite China, even Arabs,’ then things become messy,” he said.

For Ms. Lee, meanwhile, the program for the Cia-Cia is just the beginning of her ambitions.

By sharing the script with others, Ms. Lee said, she is simply expressing the will of her ancestor King Sejong, who promulgated the script. (She is a direct descendant, 21 generations removed.)

The national holiday, Hangul Day, on Oct. 9, celebrates the king’s introduction of the script in 1446. Before that, Koreans had no writing system of their own. The elite studied Chinese characters to record the meaning, but not the sound, of Korean.

“Many of my illiterate subjects who want to communicate cannot express their concerns,” the king is recorded to have said in explaining the reason for Hunminjeongeum, the original name for Hangul. “I feel sorry for them. Therefore I have created 28 letters.”

“The king propagated Hangul out of love of his people,” Ms. Lee said. “It’s time for Koreans to expand his love for mankind by propagating Hangul globally. This is an era of globalization.”